V-Speeds
Last updated: April 20, 2026 · Maintained by Aviatr Editorial Team
What is V-Speeds?
V-speeds are standardised reference airspeeds defined in each aircraft's Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH) that specify performance limits and operating reference points. Key examples include Vr (rotation), V1 (takeoff decision speed), V2 (takeoff safety speed), Vref (landing reference), Vso (stall in landing configuration), Vno (maximum structural cruising), and Vne (never exceed).
| V-Speed | Meaning |
|---|---|
| V1 | Take-off decision speed |
| Vr | Rotation speed |
| V2 | Take-off safety speed |
| Vref | Reference landing speed |
| Vso | Stall speed in landing configuration |
| Vne | Never-exceed speed |
| Vno | Maximum structural cruising speed |
How is V-Speeds used?
Every flight uses V-speeds. During takeoff the pilot rotates at Vr, climbs at V2 or a nominated climb speed, and targets Vref plus a gust additive on approach. V-speeds are memorised for the specific aircraft: the Cessna 172 has a Vr of approximately 55 kt and a Vso of 40 kt, values that differ radically from an Airbus A320. Published V-speeds apply to specific weight and configuration conditions — commercial pilots compute exact V-speeds before each departure using flight management system performance data. Flight schools drill V-speed recall during every briefing. EASA theoretical knowledge exams test V-speed definitions and calculation across Flight Performance and Principles of Flight subjects. Correctly applying V-speeds is a core skill-test item at both PPL and commercial skill-test levels.